
定语从句引导词是用于引导定语从句的词,它们在定语从句中既起连接作用,又充当从句中的某个句子成分。定语从句引导词主要分为关系代词和关系副词两大类,以及一些特殊情况下的引导词。以下是对这些引导词的详细解析:
一、关系代词
关系代词用于指代先行词,并在定语从句中充当成分。常见的关系代词有:
that:既可以指代人,也可以指代物。在从句中可作主语或宾语。例如:
- Who’s the boy that is reading a book?(指人,作主语)
- The pen that/which I’m using is pretty good.(指物,作宾语,that可省略)
who:只能指代人,在从句中可作主语或宾语。例如:
- Could you recognize the thief who stole your things?(作主语)
- The man who/that you want to meet has come.(作宾语)
whom:只能指代人,在从句中作宾语,口语中常用who代替。例如:
- I’d like to make friends with the girl whom you are talking to.(作介词宾语)
whose:既可以指代人,也可以指代物,在从句中作定语。例如:
- This is the girl whose math book is lost.(指人,作定语)
- The house whose windows are closed is mine.(指物,作定语)
which:只能指代物,在从句中可作主语或宾语。例如:
- Look at the kites which are flying in the sky.(指物,作主语)
- The book which/that you lent me is very interesting.(指物,作宾语,that或which可省略)
二、关系副词
关系副词用于指代先行词所表示的时间、地点或原因,并在定语从句中作状语。常见的关系副词有:
when:表示时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。例如:
- I’ll never forget the date when I joined the League.
where:表示地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。例如:
- Is this the shoe factory where your father works?
why:表示原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,其先行词通常是reason。例如:
- Do you know the reason why he was late for school?
三、特殊情况下的引导词
as:也可以引导定语从句,通常用于非限制性定语从句中,表示“正如……”。例如:
- As we all know, the earth is round.
only, just, very, last等词修饰先行词时,通常用that引导定语从句,而不用which。例如:
- It’s the last bus that you can catch.
先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时,通常用that引导定语从句。例如:
- He stopped the fourth thief who was running away.(注意:此处who并非由先行词fourth thief的序数词性质决定,而是由其在从句中作主语决定。但一般情况下,被序数词修饰的先行词常用that引导)
- This is the best film that I have seen.
当先行词既有人又有物时,通常用that引导定语从句。例如:
- They talked about the people and things that they had seen in the trip.
reason作先行词时,其后的定语从句可用why或that引导,也可省略引导词。例如:
- The reason why/that he failed was his laziness.(why或that可省略)
way作先行词时,其后的定语从句常用in which或that引导,that可省略。例如:
- I don’t know the way in which/that we can get to the park.(in which或that可省略)
综上所述,定语从句的引导词多种多样,选择时需要根据先行词的性质和关系词在从句中所担任的句子成分来确定。
