
英语中“that”的用法非常多样,以下是对其用法的详细总结:
一、作为限定词(指示形容词)
- 用法:表示“那个”,用于名词词组中,以特指某个特定的人或物。
- 例句:Not that one!(不是那个!)
二、作为代词
指示代词
- 用法:表示“那个”,用于指代前文提到的人或物,或者表示距离较远的人或事物,与“this”相对。
- 例句:This is my pen. That is your pen.(这是我的笔。那是你的笔。)
关系代词
- 用法:引导限制性定语从句,先行词可以是人或物。在定语从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。
- 例句:He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.(他谈到了他参观过的老师和学校。)
- 省略情况:在限制性定语从句中作宾语或表语时,that通常可以省略。例如:The books (that) I sent you will help you in your studies.(我寄给你的书会对你的学习有帮助。)
三、作为副词
- 用法:修饰形容词、副词或介宾短语等,表示“那么”或“如此”的程度或方式。
- 例句:You’re not that stupid.(你没那么笨。)
- 非正式用法:在非正式场合中,that有时可以作为普通副词使用,相当于“so”。例如:I was that/so angry I could have hit him.(我当时那么生气,差点打了他。)
四、作为连词
引导名词性从句
- 用法:引导宾语从句、主语从句、同位语从句和表语从句等。在从句中无具体词义,只起连接作用。
- 例句:
- They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.(他们发现,与电视和台式电脑相比,在平板电脑上观看按需娱乐内容可以减少44%的能源消耗。)
- That the earth goes around the sun is known to everyone.(地球绕太阳转是众所周知的。)
- 省略情况:在宾语从句中,that通常可以省略,尤其是在非正式文体中。例如:Teach your teenager (that) the family phone is for the whole family.(教你十几岁的孩子,家里的电话是全家人共用的。)
引导状语从句
- 用法:与其他词组合成固定短语,如“provided that”(假如)、“given that”(既然)、“now that”(既然)、“in case that”(以防)、“in order that”(为了)、“in the event that”(如果)、“such…that…”(如此……以致于……)、“so that…”(以便)、“so…that…”(如此……以致于……)等,引导条件、目的或结果状语从句。
- 例句:An actor and actress stood in front of the scene so that they looked as if they were at the water’s edge on an island.(男女演员站在布景前,看起来就像是在一个岛上的水边。)
- 省略情况:在上下文语义清晰的情况下,that可以省略。例如:Even those artists who were most dependent on photography became reluctant to admit that they made use of it, in case (that) this compromised their professional standing.(即使那些最依赖摄影的艺术家也不愿承认他们使用了摄影,以免这损害了他们的专业地位。)
引导强调句
- 用法:与“it is/was”连用,构成强调句型,强调句中的某个成分。被强调部分可以是主语、宾语、状语等。
- 例句:It is Mrs. White that makes the decision in her family, not her meek little husband.(是怀特夫人决定了家里的事情,而不是她那温顺的小丈夫。)
五、固定搭配与短语
- that is to say:也就是说
- that is why:那就是为什么
- in that:既然、因为
- now that:既然、由于
- see (to it) that:注意、务必做到、保证
- seeing that:鉴于、由于
综上所述,“that”在英语中具有丰富的用法和含义,掌握这些用法对于提高英语水平和阅读能力至关重要。
